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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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Posterior Malleolus: Morphologic Classification, Morphometry, and Clinical Insights.

Hellen Carvalho Ribeiro1,2, William Paganini Mayer2,3, Jacob Matz3,4,5

  • 1Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitoria, ES, Brazil.

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics
|June 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The posterior malleolus (PM) of the distal tibia shows significant morphologic variation, with three distinct types identified. Understanding these PM variations is crucial for improving fracture classification and surgical implant design.

Keywords:
ankle fractureankle injuryankle jointposterior malleolus fracturetibia

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The posterior malleolus (PM) of the distal tibia exhibits clinically significant morphologic variation.
  • These variations may impact fracture classification, fixation techniques, and implant development.
  • A comprehensive description of distal tibial morphometrics is presented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the morphometrics of the distal tibia's posterior malleolus (PM).
  • To identify and categorize distinct morphologic variations of the PM.
  • To explore the clinical implications of PM morphologic diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 52 isolated dry tibias to determine PM morphometric parameters.
  • Identification of five key morphometric points defining the PM.
  • Categorization of PM shapes based on morphologic patterns and assessment of trabecular bone density.

Main Results:

  • Three distinct morphologic types of the PM were identified: rounded, triangular, and trapezoid.
  • Triangular and trapezoid PM types showed larger dimensions and more robust bone tissue.
  • Rounded PM types were associated with smaller dimensions and less dense bone architecture.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals significant morphologic diversity within the posterior malleolus.
  • This diversity enhances understanding of posterior malleolus fracture patterns.
  • Findings can optimize the development of surgical implants for distal tibia fractures.