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Related Concept Videos

Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

25.3K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

7.2K
Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Translation01:31

Translation

14.6K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
14.6K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

31.6K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
31.6K
Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

5.6K
A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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The intersection between metabolism and translation through a subcellular lens.

Massimo M Santoro1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.

Trends in Cell Biology
|June 10, 2025
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Summary

Cellular metabolism and mRNA translation (protein synthesis) are intricately linked, with each influencing the other. Specialized subcellular machinery coordinates this interplay, offering novel regulatory mechanisms for cell function.

Keywords:
RNA condensateglycolysismRNA translationmTOR signalingmetabolismorganellesstress granules

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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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An In Vitro Single-Molecule Imaging Assay for the Analysis of Cap-Dependent Translation Kinetics
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Metabolism and mRNA translation (protein synthesis) are critical cellular processes.
  • Interplay between metabolic states and RNA biology is essential for cellular physiology.
  • Localized mRNA translation is regulated by specific metabolic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries on translation-metabolism cross-regulation.
  • To provide an overview of methodologies for studying this interplay.
  • To highlight the role of subcellular localization in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies.
  • Analysis of specialized methodologies.
  • Focus on subcellular localization and spatial compartmentalization.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic signals influence RNA biology and translation machinery.
  • Cells can reprogram metabolism by controlling mRNA translation.
  • Subcellular localization provides a unique advantage for translation-metabolism regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial compartmentalization is a key mechanism in translation-metabolism cross-regulation.
  • Novel modes of cross-regulation are mediated by subcellular cues.
  • Understanding this interplay is crucial for cellular regulation and function.