Diclofenac Detection via Inner-Filter Effect Using Pyridine-Modified Triphenylene

Triphenylene derivatives 3PY (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexa(pyridine-3-yl)triphenylene) and 4PY (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexa(pyridine-4-yl)triphenylene) are synthesized using a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling protocol and evaluated as potent chemosensors for the detection of diclofenac in solution phase. Screening against various commonly used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and hormones demonstrates that the derivatives are selective for diclofenac. The fluorescence quenching mechanism is attributed to the inner filter effect because of the overlap between the UV-vis absorption spectrum of diclofenac and the excitation spectra of triphenylene derivatives. They can sense diclofenac with a low limit of detection of 1.18 μM, offering a simple and cost-effective method. Moreover, the practicability and applicability of the proposed sensor are confirmed in the lake water with reliable recovery and precision.