Diagnostic methods for pancreatic cancer and their clinical applications (Review)

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is often considered one of the most aggressive and deadly types of cancer, distinguished by its swift advancement and unfavorable prognosis. This reality highlights the vital necessity for early detection to improve patient survival rates. In recent years, notable advancements in medical technology have catalyzed the development of various diagnostic approaches, including imaging modalities, tumor markers, tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy, volatile organic compounds and nanomaterials. However, despite the promising progress in these diagnostic tools, numerous challenges persist, particularly concerning the sensitivity and specificity of these methods, as well as the complexities involved in their practical implementation in everyday clinical practice. The present review article aims to produce a thorough analysis of the applicability of each diagnostic method available for PC, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations while providing clinical recommendations aimed at enhancing the early identification of this formidable disease.