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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

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Long-Term Consecutive OnabotulinumtoxinA Injections for Facial Aesthetic Treatment: A Real-World Study.

Ada Regina Trindade de Almeida1, Elisa Raquel Martins da Costa Marques1, Leticia Arsie Contin1

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Long-term cosmetic use of OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) showed no signs of reduced effectiveness or duration. Patients consistently perceived themselves as younger after repeated treatments over 15 years.

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Area of Science:

  • Aesthetic medicine
  • Dermatology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Concerns exist regarding neutralizing antibodies and efficacy of new botulinum toxin formulations.
  • Limited long-term safety data for repeated cosmetic OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) treatments in real-world practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of consecutive cosmetic OnabotA injections.
  • To evaluate patient-perceived age following repeated OnabotA treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study at a single center with one injector.
  • Evaluated long-term use and patient-perceived age after OnabotA injections.
  • Included 50 patients with a mean follow-up of 15.04 years.

Main Results:

  • 1,098 treatment cycles were administered across 50 patients.
  • Average cumulative OnabotA dose was 1,232 units per patient.
  • 94% of patients felt they looked at least 2 years younger, 76% felt 5-12 years younger.

Conclusions:

  • OnabotA demonstrated no evidence of treatment failure in this cohort.
  • No diminished duration of aesthetic outcomes was observed with long-term use.
  • Repeated cosmetic OnabotA injections appear safe and effective for sustained aesthetic improvement.