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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

96
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Instinctive Drift01:05

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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
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Embodied decision making in athletes and other animals.

Antonella Maselli1, Pierpaolo Iodice2, Paul Cisek3

  • 1University of Messina, Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, Messina, Italy.

Psychology of Sport and Exercise
|June 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study explores embodied decisions, viewing them as an "affordance competition" process. It integrates perception, action, and motivation for a holistic understanding of decision-making in humans and animals.

Keywords:
Affordance competitionEmbodied cognitionEmbodied decisionsPredictive processing

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Sports Science
  • Embodied Cognition

Background:

  • Decision-making is often viewed as a central cognitive process.
  • Recent research suggests a more integrated perspective on decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize key insights into embodied decisions.
  • To propose an "affordance competition" framework for understanding embodied decisions.
  • To discuss implications for understanding the mind and athlete behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of studies on embodied decisions.
  • Conceptualization of embodied decisions as parallel affordance specification and selection.
  • Discussion of research on action selection, motor processes, and motivational factors.

Main Results:

  • Embodied decisions involve a dynamic interplay between perception, action, and motivation.
  • The "affordance competition" model offers a unified framework for embodied decision-making.
  • Research highlights the situated and embodied nature of cognitive processes.

Conclusions:

  • Decision-making is fundamentally embodied and situated, not solely a central cognitive function.
  • The affordance competition framework provides a valuable lens for future research.
  • Understanding embodied decisions is crucial for advancing cognitive science and sports psychology.