Immune Modulation by Personalized vs. Standard Prehabilitation Before Major Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Prehabilitation (prehab) programs are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve surgical outcomes. However, their efficacy remains debated, largely due to a lack of pathophysiologically-driven implementation and limited personalization.

To determine the impact of personalized versus standard prehab on preoperative physical, cognitive, and immune function and postoperative outcomes.

In this prospective, single-blinded, interventional trial conducted from October 2020 to April 2024 in a single academic medical center, 58 patients undergoing major elective surgery were randomized to standard (n=30) or personalized prehab (n=28) using block randomization.

The personalized group received weekly remote coaching tailored to individual progress in four domains (nutrition, physical activity, cognitive training, and mindfulness), while the standard group followed a paper-based program without individualized support.

Primary clinical outcomes included cognitive assessments and physical performance measures, including the Wall Squat Test, Timed-up-and-go Test, 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). The primary immunological outcomes included major innate and adaptive immune cell frequencies and intracellular signaling responses measured using a 47-plex mass cytometry immunoassay.

Fifty-four of 58 patients completed the study (n=27 per group). The personalized group exhibited significant improvements in physical measures (e.g., 6MWT; p=0.03) and fewer severe postoperative complications (4 vs. 11 Clavien-Dindo grade >1; p=0.04). Multivariable modeling identified profound and cell-type specific immune alterations post-prehab compared to baseline (AUROC=0.88 [0.79, 0.97], p=2-06; leave-one-out cross-validation), including dampened pERK1/2 signaling in classical monocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells after interleukin (IL)-2,4,6 stimulation, and reduced pCREB signaling in Th1 cells. In contrast, the standard group showed only moderate clinical improvements and no immune changes (AUROC=0.63, p=0.11).

Our study demonstrates personalized prehab significantly altered the immunome before surgery, dampening inflammatory signaling responses previously implicated in the pathophysiology of key surgical outcomes, including surgical site infections and postoperative neurocognitive decline. These changes were accompanied by improved physical and cognitive function before surgery and decreased postoperative complications. Our findings support utilization of personalized prehab and provide an avenue for biologically-driven risk- stratification for patient selection, and individual tailoring of programs to optimize surgical readiness and recovery. Trial Registration: NCT04498208.

How do personalized prehabilitation programs modulate the peripheral immune system in patients undergoing major elective surgery?

In a randomized trial, patients scheduled for major elective surgery received either personalized or standard prehabilitation. High-dimensional immune profiling with mass cytometry revealed profound and cell type-specific dampening of pro-inflammatory signaling responses in the personalized prehabilitation group (AUROC=0.88, n=27), but not in the standard group (AUROC=0.63, n=27). Patients in the personalized prehabilitation group also showed significant improvements in both physical and cognitive function, with significantly fewer severe postoperative complications (4 vs. 11).

Personalized prehabilitation dampens patients' pre-operative inflammatory state and enhances recovery by improving physical and cognitive outcomes, suggesting tailored interventions may optimize surgical preparedness and reduce complications.