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Statistical learning of orthotactic constraints: Evidence from typing.

Nilsu Atilgan¹, Nazbanou Nozari²

¹Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|June 12, 2025

Summary

Adults rapidly learn new typing rules, similar to spoken language. This research reveals domain-general learning principles apply to both phonotactic and orthotactic sequences.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Linguistics
Psychology

Background:

Spoken language relies on phonotactic rules, while written language uses orthotactic rules.
Adults can learn simple and complex phonotactic rules, but learning timelines vary.
Understanding orthotactic rule learning is crucial for comprehending language production.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the learning of parallel orthotactic rules in typing.
To compare the learning timeline of orthotactic rules with phonotactic rules.
To determine if orthotactic learning is influenced by phonological constraints.

Main Methods:

Experiment 1: Assessed adult learning of first-order orthotactic constraints.
Experiment 2: Examined adult learning of second-order orthotactic rules.
Experiment 3: Investigated the relationship between phonotactic and orthotactic learning.

Main Results:

Adults quickly learn first-order typing constraints, mirroring spoken language acquisition.
Second-order orthotactic rules are learned with a similar timeline to phonotactic rules.
Second-order constraints are learned for codas but not onsets, suggesting a chaining mechanism.
Orthotactic learning is influenced by phonology but not reducible to it.

Conclusions:

Statistical learning of orthotactic and phonotactic constraints shows significant similarities.
Incremental learning principles appear to be domain-general across language modalities.
This research highlights commonalities in how humans learn sequential constraints in language production.