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Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Cardiac Rehabilitation: Bridging Basic Science and Clinical Practice.

Angela Dziedzic1, Klaudia Marek2, Piotr Niebrzydowski3

  • 1Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves cardiovascular health by enhancing mitochondrial function. This review analyzes key CR guidelines to optimize exercise strategies for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).

Keywords:
cardiac rehabilitationcardiovascular diseaseexercisemitochondrial bioenergetics

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology and Exercise Physiology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, necessitating effective secondary prevention.
  • Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a proven, cost-effective intervention for managing CVDs.
  • Mitochondrial bioenergetics, including biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy, are increasingly recognized as key mechanisms in CR's benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize molecular insights on mitochondrial function with clinical CR guidelines.
  • To evaluate four national CR guidelines (Poland, France, US, Portugal) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommendations.
  • To analyze exercise modalities and prescription parameters within these guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and synthesis of molecular evidence and clinical guidelines.
  • Focused analysis on exercise components: aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity interval training.
  • Inclusion criteria ensured guidelines provided complete and detailed data on CR components.

Main Results:

  • The review identified key exercise modalities and prescription parameters within selected CR guidelines.
  • Analysis highlighted variations and commonalities in exercise recommendations across different national and European guidelines.
  • The role of mitochondrial mechanisms in CR benefits was considered in relation to guideline components.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between mitochondrial bioenergetics and exercise is crucial for optimizing CR.
  • Comparative analysis of guidelines can inform best practices for CR program design.
  • Further research may refine exercise prescriptions to maximize mitochondrial adaptations for CVD secondary prevention.