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The Development of Population-Specific Spirometric Reference Equations for Iraqi Adults
Alaa Alsajri1, Walid Al-Qerem2, Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor1
1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia.
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 13, 2025
Summary
New spirometric reference equations were developed for the Iraqi population, improving the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. These equations provide accurate predicted values and Z-scores specific to Iraqis.
Area of Science:
- Pulmonary Medicine
- Medical Statistics
Background:
- Spirometry is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring respiratory diseases.
- Existing Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 (GLI 2012) equations are not accurate for Iraqi populations.
- There is a need for spirometric reference equations specific to Iraqis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish a spirometric reference equation for the Iraqi population.
- To improve the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory diseases in Iraq.
Main Methods:
- Collected spirometry data from 966 healthy, non-smoking Iraqi adults.
- Utilized generalized additive models to construct the reference equations.
- Validated the equations using a separate dataset of 344 participants.
Main Results:
- Developed new spirometric reference equations for Iraqis.
- Validated equations showed Z-scores for all variables were less than ±0.5.
- The new equations provide accurate predicted values and Z-scores.
Conclusions:
- The developed equations are suitable for evaluating respiratory diseases in Iraqis.
- These equations account for ethnic and racial variations in spirometry parameters.
- The study provides a valuable tool for Iraqi healthcare professionals.
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