[Risks, artificial intelligence, human factors, and surgery]

Surgery remains a high-risk activity, despite increasingly sophisticated technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI), when properly regulated, paves the way for safer surgical procedures. It enables the creation of "digital twins" to simulate operations in advance, improves the precision of surgical gestures, and promotes knowledge sharing through the analysis of thousands of surgical videos. In the near future, AI will act as a surgical assistant, guiding the surgeon in real time to optimize both safety and effectiveness.