Anencephaly and palatoschisis in 2 newborn puppies

Anencephaly is a congenital condition characterized by incomplete brain development and malformations of cranial bones and cerebral hemispheres. Such defects arise from improper neural tube closure during embryogenesis. Although well documented in humans, they are infrequently reported in veterinary medicine. The etiology of anencephaly in dogs is not fully understood, but a strong genetic predisposition has been observed, particularly among brachycephalic breeds. In addition, studies in humans have implicated factors such as folic acid deficiency, hypervitaminosis A, and exposure to teratogens as potential contributors. Using diagnostic imaging techniques, including radiography and ultrasonography, it is possible to detect intrauterine modifications indicative of malformation. Unfortunately, there are no known corrections or treatments for anencephaly, and affected fetuses are typically stillborn or die within hours after birth. This case report presents observations of 2 neonatal puppies with anencephaly, acalvaria, exophthalmia, and palatoschisis, providing further insights into these puzzling brain malformations in canines. Key clinical message: The present report highlights the importance of prenatal monitoring for diagnosis of anencephaly in dogs. It describes radiographic and ultrasonographic findings and compares morphological changes in 2 affected puppies of different breeds and clinical histories.