A Narrative Review on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Cancer Biology

Background:

• Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents approximately 90% of oral malignancies, posing a significant global health challenge.
• High morbidity and mortality rates are associated with OSCC, frequently diagnosed at advanced stages despite current diagnostic advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), including its drivers, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies.
• To highlight the need for improved early detection, novel biomarkers, and precision medicine in managing OSCC.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of OSCC pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
• Analysis of genetic and molecular alterations driving OSCC progression, such as TP53 mutations and EGFR overexpression.
• Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic modalities, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Main Results:

• OSCC is characterized by genetic alterations and dysregulated pathways contributing to tumor progression.
• Existing diagnostic tools have limitations, often leading to late-stage diagnosis.
• Emerging therapies show promise but challenges like recurrence and resistance remain.

Conclusions:

• Improving early detection strategies for OSCC is critical.
• Identification of novel biomarkers and implementation of precision medicine are essential for better patient outcomes.
• Addressing treatment resistance and metastasis is crucial for enhancing survival and quality of life in OSCC patients.