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Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy
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Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

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In-fiber waveguide-based mode-locker for generating diverse ultrafast pulses.

Qianying Li, Rong Zhao, Ming Shen

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    |June 14, 2025
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a novel fiber laser mode-locker using a femtosecond laser-inscribed waveguide. This cost-effective and robust design enables ultrafast pulse generation for advanced photonics applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear photonics
    • Fiber laser technology
    • Ultrafast optics

    Background:

    • High-performance laser technologies require optimal mode-lockers.
    • Market demand exists for integrated and robust saturable absorbers.
    • Current solutions face technical complexities in fabrication and integration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel femtosecond laser-inscribed in-fiber waveguide as a saturable absorber.
    • To demonstrate its capability for ultrafast pulse generation.
    • To address cost, fabrication, and stability challenges in mode-locker design.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a straight waveguide by femtosecond laser inscription, integrating few-mode fiber into single-mode fiber.
    • Utilizing nonlinear polarization rotation and multimode interference within the waveguide as a saturable absorber.
    • Characterization of pulse generation in both anomalous and normal dispersion regimes.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 1.36 ps soliton pulses (2.9 nm bandwidth) at 1573 nm in the anomalous dispersion regime.
    • Generated Q-switched mode-locked pulses at 1574 nm (190 mW pump power) in the normal dispersion regime.
    • Produced 712 fs noise-like pulses (8 nm bandwidth, 4.57 MHz repetition rate) at 1572 nm (295 mW pump power).

    Conclusions:

    • The developed waveguide offers a simple, cost-effective, compact, and robust solution for mode-locking.
    • Hybrid nonlinear effects in the waveguide facilitate advanced ultrafast pulse generation.
    • This advancement holds significant promise for nonlinear optics and photonics.