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Ti-diffused KTN waveguide enabling intensity modulation based on the quadratic electro-optic effect.

Tao Wang, Yu Wang, Peng Tan

|June 14, 2025

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Researchers developed a novel optical waveguide using potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals, demonstrating a high-performance electro-optic modulator for integrated optics applications.

Area of Science:

Integrated Optics
Materials Science
Electro-optics

Background:

Optical waveguides are essential for confining light in integrated optics.
Potassium tantalate niobate (KTN) crystals possess significant quadratic electro-optic effects, ideal for modulators.
Efficient electro-optic modulators are crucial for advanced optical devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate and characterize a novel optical waveguide utilizing KTN's quadratic electro-optic effect.
To develop an intensity modulator based on the KTN optical waveguide.
To evaluate the performance of the KTN-based modulator.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of 10 μm wide buried waveguides in KTN crystals via titanium ion diffusion.
Analysis of crystal structure changes using confocal Raman spectroscopy.

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Development and testing of a single-waveguide intensity modulator at 1550 nm.

Main Results:

Successful fabrication of KTN waveguides using titanium ion diffusion.
Characterization of the impact of ion diffusion on KTN crystal structure.
Demonstration of an intensity modulator with a 14.2 dB extinction ratio.
Evaluation of modulation functions with and without applied bias voltage.

Conclusions:

The study presents a novel KTN optical waveguide leveraging the quadratic electro-optic effect.
A functional intensity modulator was successfully developed, showcasing promising performance.
Findings provide insights for designing efficient, low-driving voltage electro-optic modulators for integrated optics.