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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Nutrient cues control flowering time in plants.

Huikyong Cho1, Ilyeong Choi1, Zaigham Shahzad2

  • 1Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.

Trends in Plant Science
|June 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant nutrient availability critically impacts flowering time. Nitrogen deficiency speeds flowering, while phosphorus deficiency delays it, offering insights for sustainable agriculture.

Keywords:
flowering timemineral nutrientsnitrogenphosphatephosphorusplantssignal crosstalk

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Flowering is a crucial plant life stage impacting reproductive success.
  • Environmental factors like photoperiod and temperature are known flowering regulators.
  • Nutrient availability, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, is increasingly recognized as a key factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus influence on flowering time.
  • To explore the interaction between nutrient signaling and flowering pathways.
  • To identify strategies for sustainable plant development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on nutrient effects on flowering.
  • Analysis of molecular and genetic pathways involved in nutrient sensing.
  • Synthesis of findings on nitrogen and phosphorus signaling.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen deficiency generally accelerates flowering time.
  • Phosphorus deficiency typically delays flowering time.
  • Nutrient availability interacts with established flowering signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrogen and phosphorus availability are critical regulators of plant flowering time.
  • Understanding these nutrient-flowering interactions can inform sustainable agricultural practices.
  • Further research into molecular signaling provides targets for crop improvement.