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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Eco-Geographical Variation in Craniofacial Size and Shape, With Emphasis in Cold Adaptation, Through a 3D Approach.

Manuel Domingo D'Angelo Del Campo1,2,3,4, Gülkan Gökdoğan Aktepe5, Markus Bastir6

  • 1Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico-Tandil (CONICET, CCT Tandil), Tandil, Argentina.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cranial morphology varies with climate adaptation, with cold-adapted populations generally showing larger skulls. However, Norse populations displayed unexpectedly smaller skull sizes despite cold adaptation, suggesting complex evolutionary responses.

Keywords:
coldenvironmentmorphometric geometricphenotypic plasticity in chimera

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Paleontology
  • Human Evolution

Background:

  • Cranial morphology exhibits variations across human populations.
  • Climate adaptation is a significant factor influencing human evolution.
  • Understanding skull shape differences aids in reconstructing population history.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cranial morphological variations in populations adapted to diverse climates.
  • To test hypotheses regarding climate's influence on skull size and shape.
  • To compare recent versus ancient cold adaptation patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D geometric morphometrics for skull analysis.
  • Digitized anatomical landmarks on skulls from five populations.
  • Performed statistical analyses (ANOVA, post hoc tests) to assess size and shape variations.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in skull size were observed across populations.
  • Cold-adapted groups generally had larger skulls, except for Norsemen.
  • Specific facial features (prognathism, wider faces) were linked to certain climate adaptations.

Conclusions:

  • Craniofacial traits like prognathism and enlarged features are associated with extreme cold adaptation.
  • The Norse sample deviates from expected cold-adaptation patterns with smaller skull sizes.
  • Cranial morphology reflects complex adaptations to environmental conditions, not solely climate.