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Related Concept Videos

Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring01:23

Holter Monitor: 24-Hour Monitoring

Holter monitoring is a continuous electrocardiography (ECG) recording that tracks the heart's electrical activity over an extended period, generally 24 to 48 hours. This noninvasive diagnostic tool detects irregular heart rhythms that may not be captured during a standard ECG performed in a clinical setting.DeviceThe Holter monitor is a portable, small device connected to several electrodes on the patient's chest. These electrodes detect the heart's electrical signals and transmit them to the...
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Primary Microglia Isolation from Mixed Glial Cell Cultures of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue
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Primary Microglia Isolation from Mixed Glial Cell Cultures of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue

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Mitochondrial Preparation from Microglia for Glycan Analysis.

Meghana Madabhushi1, Tana V Palomino2, Mallikarjun H Patil3

  • 1School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method to analyze sugar modifications on mitochondrial proteins in microglia, crucial for understanding neurodegenerative diseases. This high-throughput technique provides detailed insights into microglial mitochondrial glycosylation patterns.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

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Mitochondrial Preparation from Microglia for Glycan Analysis
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Mitochondrial Preparation from Microglia for Glycan Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microglial mitochondrial protein glycosylation is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Current methods for glycomic analysis are limited in scope and throughput.
  • Understanding these patterns is key to elucidating microglial function in disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, high-throughput methodology for comprehensive glycomic analysis of mitochondrial proteins from cultured microglia.
  • To enable detailed profiling of glycosylation changes in microglial mitochondria under various experimental conditions.
  • To provide a standardized approach for advancing neurodegenerative disease research.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of intact mitochondria from microglial cultures.
  • Optimized protein extraction for enhanced glycan detection.
  • Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry for detailed glycomic profiling.

Main Results:

  • The methodology allows for high-throughput and detailed glycomic analysis of microglial mitochondrial proteins.
  • Stringent quality control measures ensure reproducibility and mitochondrial purity.
  • The approach provides comprehensive glycosylation profiles for in vitro studies.

Conclusions:

  • This novel methodology offers a powerful tool for investigating microglial mitochondrial glycosylation in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • The standardized protocol can be adapted for various experimental conditions, cell types, and in vitro treatments.
  • Advancing the understanding of microglial mitochondrial glycans contributes significantly to neurodegenerative research.