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Recurrent hot droughts cause persistent legacy effects in a temperate Scots Pine forest.

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Summary

The 2018 hot drought caused lasting damage to a German pine forest, shifting it from a carbon sink to a carbon source. Recurrent droughts worsened these legacy effects, impacting ecosystem carbon exchange.

Keywords:
Carpinus betulusPinus sylvestrisenhanced vegetation indexnet ecosystem carbon exchangesap flowwater potential

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Research
  • Forest Science

Background:

  • Temperate ecosystems are vulnerable to hot-dry events, experiencing significant impacts and lasting legacy effects.
  • The 2018 hot drought severely affected Pinus sylvestris L. forests in southwestern Germany, leading to high tree mortality and altered ecosystem functioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the legacy effects of the 2018 hot drought on a Pinus sylvestris L. forest.
  • To assess the impact of recurrent post-2018 hot-droughts on ecosystem carbon fluxes and functioning.

Main Methods:

  • Combined ecophysiological measurements, remote sensing (Enhanced Vegetation Index - EVI), and micrometeorological data (Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange - NEE).
  • Analyzed changes in canopy structure, vegetation type, and seasonality of carbon exchange.
  • Quantified shifts in ecosystem carbon balance from sink to source.

Main Results:

  • Observed strong and persistent legacy effects of the 2018 drought, including high Pinus sylvestris mortality and a shift towards deciduous understorey dominance.
  • EVI data indicated a transition to a deciduous-dominated forest canopy post-2018.
  • The ecosystem shifted from a carbon sink (-391 ± 204 g C m⁻² year⁻¹) between 2003-2006 to carbon neutral (+13 ± 28 g C m⁻² year⁻¹) in 2021.
  • In hotter, drier years post-2018, the ecosystem became a carbon source, reaching +329 ± 19 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ in 2022.

Conclusions:

  • Compound drought events (atmospheric and edaphic) led to significant ecosystem carbon release post-2018.
  • Strong drought legacy effects were evident at species, community, and ecosystem levels.
  • Recurrent droughts exacerbated negative impacts, shifting the forest ecosystem to a net carbon source.