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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
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Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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Identification of an atypical replicative genetic element in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1.

Miguel G Acedos1,2, Isabel de la Torre1, Jorge Barriuso1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Genetic modification of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 for lipid production using xylose was complicated by unexpected DNA integration. A novel circular element was discovered, suggesting high genome plasticity and new evolutionary mechanisms in bacteria.

Keywords:
Rhodococcusantibiotic resistanceillegitimate recombinationkanamycinreplicative genetic element

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Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 is an oleaginous bacterium with potential for lipid production.
  • Genetic engineering aims to enhance lipid production by utilizing substrates like xylose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic stability of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 during plasmid-mediated transformation for xylose utilization.
  • To characterize unexpected genetic events occurring during antibiotic selection.

Main Methods:

  • Plasmid transformation of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1.
  • Genome sequencing of transformants.
  • Analysis of DNA integration and extrachromosomal elements.

Main Results:

  • Observed illegitimate integration of plasmid antibiotic resistance genes into the host genome.
  • Discovered a novel, circular, multicopy replicative element (75-80 kb) excised from the chromosome.
  • Illegitimate integration was not specific to size, site, or sequence.
  • The excised element lacked characteristics of genomic islands.

Conclusions:

  • Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 exhibits greater genome plasticity than previously assumed.
  • Illegitimate recombination offers potential new avenues for genetic modification of this strain.
  • The novel replicative element suggests undiscovered bacterial evolution mechanisms.