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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels
Published on: August 7, 2017
L Leonardi1, V Pennetta1, R Laitano2
1Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Newborns exhibit distinct inflammatory responses compared to adults. Full-term newborns showed heightened IL-6 and TNF-α after TLR7/8 stimulation, suggesting potential vaccine adjuvant applications.
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