The Composition Analysis of Renal Staghorn Calculi and their Characteristics using Spectral CT

This study aimed to analyze the composition of renal staghorn calculi and their characteristics using spectral CT.

This study enrolled 111 cases of renal staghorn calculi from 94 patients (48 males and 46 females, aged 28-76 years; median age: 56 years). Using spectral CT, average Zeff and CT values were analyzed. The water/iodine-based images were generated by the material separation module. All stones were detected by FTIR spectroscopy.

111 cases of renal staghorn calculi included 53 cases of single composition (47.8%) and 58 cases of mixed composition (52.2%). In staghorn calculi of a single composition, urate (23 cases) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (16 cases) were more prevalent than struvite (5 cases) and brushite (5 cases). Mixed compositions included metabolic-metabolic (36 cases, 62.1%), metabolic-infectious (14 cases, 24.1%), and infectiousinfectious (8 cases, 13.8%) cases, respectively. The average Zeff values showed some characteristics of carbapatite and urate. However, average Zeff and CT values had many overlappings among other compositions. All stones appeared homogeneous in water-based images. In iodine-based images, calcium oxalate monohydrate displayed homogeneous high density, but struvite and brushite showed heterogeneous high density. Single compositions of carbapatite, calcium oxalate monohydrate, and cystine exhibited homogeneous high density, similar to mixed compositions of carbapatite and calcium oxalate monohydrate. Furthermore, urate demonstrated homogeneous low density. Moreover, the mixture of struvite and brushite/urate showed heterogeneous high density.

In staghorn calculi of a single composition, the metabolic type was common, while metabolic-metabolic and metabolic-infectious types frequently occurred in staghorn calculi with mixed compositions. Except for average Zeff values, water-iodine material separation performed an important auxiliary function in differentiating stones' compositions using spectral CT.