Staining of CAD/CAM Composite Materials After Immersion in Coloring Solutions: A Narrative Review

This review integrates published scientific information on the staining potential of CAD/CAM composite materials after immersion in coloring beverages, highlighting the mechanisms of action of these solutions and strategies to minimize staining.

Publications were searched in the PubMed and Scopus databases until April 2025. The search was conducted for publications in English without limits on the year of publication. The MeSH terms, free-text terms, and their combinations used in the databases were: "color", "translucency", "staining", "resin ceramic", "nanoceramic resin," and "hybrid ceramic".

The search resulted in 472 articles. After removing duplicate articles, the remaining articles were evaluated in two stages. The selected articles were read in full, and 58 articles were included in this review.

Red wine is the beverage that most promotes staining, followed by coffee. Composite materials, especially those containing a hydrophilic resin matrix, are prone to staining over time. Bleaching can be used as an option for stain removal. In turn, periodic polishing of restorations and frequent brushing with toothpaste reduce and prevent staining caused by extrinsic pigments.

Different beverages consumed by patients can stain resin-based restorative materials. Polishing, bleaching, and brushing can be used to minimize this staining.