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Related Concept Videos

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
The UV–Vis spectrum of a molecule is the plot of its absorbance versus wavelength. The plot is drawn by taking molar...
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

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UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given...
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Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
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Two-Dimensional TiO2 Ultraviolet Filters for Sunscreens.

Ruoning Yang1, Jiefu Chen1, Xiang Li1

  • 1Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center (SGC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|June 17, 2025
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Summary

Researchers developed advanced two-dimensional titanium dioxide (2D TiO2) for sunscreens. This novel material offers superior UV protection, enhanced skin safety, and a natural appearance, overcoming limitations of traditional nanoparticles.

Keywords:
BiosafetySunscreenTitanium dioxideTwo-dimensional

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Traditional titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in sunscreens face challenges with transparency, skin penetration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
  • Existing TiO2 nanoparticle formulations have seen limited innovation despite decades of use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and characterize a novel two-dimensional titanium dioxide (2D TiO2) material for sunscreen applications.
  • To address the limitations of conventional TiO2 nanoparticles, including light transmission, biosafety, and visual appearance.
  • To develop a customizable sunscreen ingredient with tunable UV protection and skin tone matching capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of micro-sized, atomically thin 2D TiO2.
  • Evaluation of visible light transparency and UV-blocking performance.
  • Assessment of skin penetration using in vitro models.
  • Measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under UV exposure.
  • Metal element modulation for customizable UV protection and skin tone matching.

Main Results:

  • The 2D TiO2 exhibits 80% visible light transparency and comparable UV-blocking to traditional TiO2 nanoparticles.
  • Skin penetration was reduced by two orders of magnitude (0.96% w/w) compared to nanoparticles, enhancing biosafety.
  • ROS generation rate was reduced 50-fold due to the material's layered structure.
  • Customizable sunscreen materials with tunable UV ranges and automatic skin tone matching were developed.

Conclusions:

  • Two-dimensional TiO2 fundamentally resolves long-standing issues associated with traditional TiO2 nanoparticles in sunscreens.
  • This novel material offers a transformative approach to sunscreen formulation, providing superior UV protection, enhanced safety, and a natural aesthetic.
  • The customizable nature of 2D TiO2 opens new possibilities for personalized sun care products.