Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

1.8K
A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
1.8K
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

4.7K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
4.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

How Chronic Diseases Shape Subjective Life Expectancy: The Role of Pain.

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association·2026
Same author

Regulatory roles of the circRNA-RBP axis in exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodeling: mechanistic controversies and translational illusions.

Frontiers in genetics·2026
Same author

Synergistic interfacial coordination and Iron-cobalt orbital coupling for high-performance photoelectrochemical water oxidation.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2026
Same author

<i>Lactobacillus johnsonii</i> DY2 Isolated from Yaks Alleviated Acute <i>Escherichia coli</i> Infection via Modulating Inflammatory Responses, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gut Microbiota.

Veterinary sciences·2026
Same author

Rapid improvement of renal microcirculatory homeostasis by liraglutide following diabetes induction.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2026
Same author

C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat RNA drives transcriptional dysregulation through genome-wide DNA:RNA hybrid G-quadruplexes.

Neuron·2026
Same journal

Compressed multi-scale entropy and its application in mechanical fault diagnosis.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Bidirectional drive and multi-resolution adjustment across frequency bands in inertial impact piezoelectric motors via multimodal resonant vibration.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

A magnetic field sensor based on flaky Terfenol-D material and dual fiber grating.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

A novel E-field eight-way cavity combiner for high-power S-band applications.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Constant radius blade spring suspended bench for vibration isolation.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same journal

Qualification of infrared optical fibers and emitters for a spectrometer for in situ planetary exploration: Results from the TRIS (TRansmission and Illumination System) project.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators
10:26

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

11.5K

High-performance frequency reference based on cryogenic sapphire oscillator.

Encai Zhong1, Yan Zheng1, Jinxu Hong1

  • 1National Gravitation Laboratory, MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitational and Quantum Physics, and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|June 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryogenic sapphire oscillators with a novel filter generate ultra-low phase noise microwave signals. These high-performance frequency references achieve excellent stability for precision measurement experiments.

More Related Videos

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier
10:17

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Published on: July 12, 2017

11.7K
Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

3.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators
10:26

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Published on: May 21, 2016

11.5K
20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier
10:17

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

Published on: July 12, 2017

11.7K
Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

3.2K

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Precision measurement experiments demand frequency references with minimal phase noise and high stability.
  • Cryogenic sapphire oscillators (CSOs) are promising candidates for microwave frequency references when combined with phase noise cancellation and frequency synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a cryogenic sapphire oscillator (CSO) system for ultra-low phase noise microwave signal generation.
  • To achieve excellent frequency stability for advanced scientific applications.

Main Methods:

  • A cryogenic sapphire filter was integrated with a CSO to suppress phase noise.
  • A frequency conversion chain was designed to generate multiple reference frequencies (9 GHz, 100 MHz, 10 MHz).

Main Results:

  • Generated a 10.798 GHz microwave signal with ultra-low phase noise of -165 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency.
  • Achieved fractional frequency stability in the low 10^-15 range for integration times of 100–1000 s.

Conclusions:

  • The developed CSO system provides a high-performance microwave frequency reference.
  • This technology is suitable for demanding scientific applications requiring exceptional frequency stability and low phase noise.