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Related Concept Videos

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Nonterminal Pain.

Kento Sonoda1, Mako Wakabayashi2

  • 1Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri.

American Family Physician
|June 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Chronic pain affects millions, necessitating non-opioid treatments and addressing health disparities. Buprenorphine offers a potentially safer opioid alternative for managing persistent pain, especially in at-risk individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Public Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Chronic pain, persisting over 12 weeks, impacts ~20% of US adults, causing significant mental and social distress.
  • Nonopioid therapies are recommended for chronic nonterminal pain; opioid therapy is not a first-line approach.
  • Health disparities in pain management disproportionately affect marginalized populations and individuals with cognitive impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the need for culturally tailored pain management strategies.
  • To highlight the risks associated with opioid therapy and advocate for judicious use.
  • To introduce buprenorphine as a potentially safer alternative for chronic pain management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current guidelines and literature on chronic pain management.

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  • Analysis of risks and benefits associated with opioid therapy.
  • Evaluation of buprenorphine's role in managing chronic pain, particularly in at-risk populations.

    • Main Results:

    • Opioid therapy carries risks including constipation, depression, hormonal dysregulation, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and overdose.
    • Addressing behavioral health disorders concurrently with pain management is crucial.
    • Buprenorphine demonstrates efficacy in chronic pain and may offer a safer profile than full opioid agonists.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinicians must acknowledge health inequities and stigma in pain management.
    • Opioid use should be reserved for refractory cases where benefits outweigh significant risks.
    • Buprenorphine presents a viable and potentially safer option for chronic pain management, especially for those with opioid use disorder or overdose risk.