Exploring the Synthesis and Self-Healing Properties of Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Recent Trends and Applications

Self-healing zwitterionic hydrogels (ZIHs) have sparked widespread attention because of their intriguing properties and potential applications. One of the key features of ZIHs is their inherent antifouling properties, making them appealing for various biomedical applications. A notable characteristic of ZIHs is their self-healing capability, enabling them to mend damage and restore their mechanical properties, hence prolonging their lifespans and enhancing their functionality. Self-healing ZIHs exhibit excellent properties as wound-dressing materials by creating a moist environment that promotes the healing process. In addition to their antifouling, self-healing, wound-healing, and wound-dressing applications, zwitterionic self-healing hydrogels have shown promise in cardiac tissue engineering and cell encapsulation. In cell encapsulation, ZIHs provide promising platforms for the encapsulation and delivery of numerous cell types, including stem cells and therapeutic cells, as well as enable controlled release and protection during transplantation. The self-healing feature of ZIHs provides long-term stability and durability of these materials. This review focuses on state-of-the-art advancements in the synthesis strategies, self-healing mechanisms, and applications of ZIHs, offering an integrated perspective not previously addressed in the literature.