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Brooding rumination predicts lower cognitive functioning in late-life depression: multivariate multiple regression

Kiara Baker1, Warren D Taylor1,2, Sarah M Szymkowicz1

  • 1Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|June 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brooding, a form of rumination, negatively impacts cognitive functions like language and memory in late-life depression (LLD). Targeting brooding may improve cognition in LLD patients, especially women.

Keywords:
Cognitionagingdepressiongeriatricneuropsychological testingrepetitive negative thinking

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Late-life depression (LLD) is linked to cognitive impairments, affecting memory and executive functions.
  • Rumination, particularly brooding, is suspected to exacerbate cognitive deficits in LLD.
  • Limited research exists on the complex interplay between depressive symptoms, rumination types, and cognition in LLD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the multivariate relationships between depressive symptoms, brooding, and reflection rumination on cognitive performance in LLD.
  • To explore potential gender and age of onset differences in these cognitive associations.

Main Methods:

  • Cognitive function was assessed using five composite scores.
  • 91 individuals with LLD completed the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS).
  • Multivariate regressions examined the predictive power of MADRS, Brooding, and Reflection on cognition, with exploratory analyses by gender and depression onset age.

Main Results:

  • Brooding significantly predicted poorer cognitive performance overall (F(7,78)=3.52, p=0.006).
  • Specifically, higher brooding correlated with lower scores in Language (p=0.005) and Episodic Recall (p<0.001).
  • Brooding's effect was observed in both genders, but univariate significance for Episodic Recall was found only in women (p=0.025). Depression onset age was not a significant factor.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated brooding, not general depressive symptoms or reflection, is associated with impaired language and memory in LLD.
  • This association may be more pronounced in women, particularly concerning memory.
  • Interventions targeting brooding rumination could potentially enhance cognitive function in LLD.