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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

743
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
743
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

307
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
307
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

543
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
543
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

211
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
211
Subconsciousness and No Awareness01:15

Subconsciousness and No Awareness

386
The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
386
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

504
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
504

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

13.9K

Emergence from general anaesthesia: stochastic or deterministic?

UnCheol Lee1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Consciousness Science, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

British Journal of Anaesthesia
|June 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

General anaesthesia emergence is likely stochastic, not deterministic, with significant variability observed even in identical mice. Future research should use cognition-sensitive markers to better understand recovery.

Keywords:
anaesthetic emergencecognitive recoveryneural inertiapharmacodynamicspharmacokineticsstochastic model

More Related Videos

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Investigated the fundamental nature of emergence from general anaesthesia.
  • Examined variability in emergence times using genetically identical mice.
  • Compared stochastic neural dynamics models with deterministic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models.

Discussion:

  • Findings suggest anaesthetic emergence exhibits significant stochastic variability.
  • Traditional deterministic models may not fully capture emergence complexity.
  • Highlights the need to re-evaluate standard emergence assessment methods.

Key Insights:

  • Emergence from general anaesthesia demonstrates substantial intra- and inter-individual variability.
  • Stochastic neural dynamics models provide a better explanation for this variability than deterministic models.
  • The righting reflex may be an insufficient marker for full cognitive recovery.

Outlook:

  • Future research should explore emergence across multiple levels of brain function.
  • Proposes the use of cognition-sensitive markers for more comprehensive assessment.
  • Calls for a paradigm shift in understanding anaesthetic emergence.