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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

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Published on: July 10, 2013

Printing and Rerouting of Elastic and Protease Responsive Shape Memory Hydrogel Filaments.

Philip Lifwergren¹, Viktoria Schoen¹, Sajjad Naeimipour¹

¹Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, 583 81, Sweden.

Advanced Healthcare Materials

|June 20, 2025

Summary

A new biofabrication strategy, REFRESH, creates robust, reconfigurable hydrogel filaments for advanced 3D constructs. This method overcomes limitations of traditional techniques, enabling complex tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:

3D bioprinting REFRESH filament hydrogel tubular structures

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Published on: April 16, 2018

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Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Tissue Engineering
Biofabrication

Background:

Fabricating mechanically robust and reconfigurable hydrogel filaments is crucial for perfusable architectures and dynamic tissue models.
Conventional extrusion bioprinting yields fragile filaments, limiting scalability and post-processing options.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel biofabrication strategy, Rerouting of Free-Floating Suspended Hydrogel Filaments (REFRESH), to overcome limitations in hydrogel filament fabrication.
To enable the creation of mechanically robust, reconfigurable, and cell-compatible hydrogel filaments for advanced biofabrication.

Main Methods:

Developed REFRESH strategy integrating an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS)-compatible bioink with flexible printing and post-processing.
Utilized strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) for cross-linking bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne-functionalized hyaluronan, achieving high elasticity (>100% strain at break).
Employed textile-inspired techniques (knotting, braiding) for 3D architecture reconfiguration and incorporated shape memory for programmed actuation.

Main Results:

Generated highly elastic hydrogel filaments with mechanical integrity for manual handling and post-processing.
Demonstrated successful reconfiguration into complex 3D architectures using knotting and braiding.
Achieved high cell viability across multiple cell types and enabled spatially defined multicellular constructs.
Utilized protease-degradable cross-linkers for sacrificial templating of perfusable tubular structures.

Conclusions:

The REFRESH strategy provides a versatile platform for fabricating mechanically robust and reconfigurable hydrogel filaments.
This approach significantly expands the design space for biofabrication, enabling new possibilities in vascularized tissue engineering and complex hydrogel architectures.
REFRESH overcomes key challenges in current biofabrication, paving the way for more advanced tissue models and constructs.