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Resolving the Sodiation Process in Hard Carbon Anodes with Nanostructure Specific X-Ray Imaging.

Martina Olsson1, Antoine Klein1, Nataliia Mozhzhukhina1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41296, Sweden.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
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Summary

Operando 2D scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS) reveals sodiation mechanisms in hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. Micropore filling dominates later stages, while plating initiates at the current collector interface.

Keywords:
X‐ray imaginghard carbonsmall and wide‐angle X‐ray scatteringsodium‐ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Hard carbons are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
  • Understanding the sodiation mechanism and monitoring electrode processes during cycling are critical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sodiation process and mechanism in hard carbon anodes using advanced X-ray scattering techniques.
  • To achieve spatial and temporal resolution of structural changes during electrochemical cycling.

Main Methods:

  • Operando 2D scanning small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS).
  • Ex situ 3D small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) tomography.
  • Electrochemical cycling of hard carbon electrodes.

Main Results:

  • Sodiation is dominated by micropore filling in later stages, with continuous intercalation occurring throughout.
  • Increased spatial inhomogeneity is observed at higher sodiation degrees.
  • Sodium plating initiates at the electrode-current collector interface, associated with high micropore filling and pseudo-metallic sodium formation.

Conclusions:

  • SWAXS imaging provides valuable insights into the spatially resolved sodiation of hard carbon anodes.
  • This method can decouple contributions from different cell components for accurate in situ analysis.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for optimizing sodium-ion battery performance.