Biliary tract neoplasms from common to rare: diagnosis, assessment, and management

Biliary tract neoplasms include a diverse set of benign and malignant entities that share both clinical presentations and imaging features. Radiologists need to understand the diagnostic features of these neoplasms to recognize them at initial diagnosis, and we must also provide key information to our surgical and oncology colleagues to facilitate proper management. This work reviews the most important intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary neoplasms with an emphasis on radiological findings and differentiating features. This work also reviews normal anatomy and key variants of the biliary tree, arterial supply, and venous drainage that impact treatment planning for these entities. Assessment of tumor extent, involvement of critical anatomy, and differential diagnoses are also discussed. This work will support readers in their understanding of biliary tract neoplasms and in the delivery of actionable radiology reports as part of an integrated multidisciplinary care team.