Imaging and management of biliary complications after biliary interventions

Endoscopic and percutaneous biliary procedures play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of biliary tract pathologies, including benign and malignant biliary obstructions and pancreaticobiliary lesions. However, despite their benefits, they carry a complications rate of up to 10%. This work provides an integrated review of the spectrum of both post endoscopic and percutaneous procedural biliary complications, subdivided based on their timing as immediate, early and delayed. The incidence, clinical presentation, key and differentiating imaging features and management of the most important complications that radiologists should promptly recognize are detailed in each section. Finally, a diagnostic algorithm is suggested to guide initial imaging of suspected post procedural biliary complications.