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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

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Context, not grammar, is key to structural priming.

Yngwie A Nielsen1, Morten H Christiansen2

  • 1School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|June 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Structural priming, a change in processing after repeated exposure to a syntactic structure, is not evidence for grammatical constituents. Contextual representations from multiple constraints, not grammar, underlie this phenomenon.

Keywords:
contextgrammarlarge language modelsmemorystructural primingsyntax

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Structural priming has been cited as evidence for the psychological reality of grammatical constituent structures.
  • Recent research challenges this view, questioning the direct mapping of structural representations to grammatical constituents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the traditional view of structural priming as evidence for grammatical constituents.
  • To propose an alternative account of structural priming based on contextual representations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of converging evidence from memory research, large language models (LLMs), and structural priming studies.
  • Analysis of the role of lexical cues in structural priming.

Main Results:

  • Structural priming can occur in the absence of clear grammatical constituent structure.
  • Evidence suggests priming is driven by contextual representations rather than autonomous grammatical representations.
  • Strong dependence on lexical cues is observed in structural priming.

Conclusions:

  • Structural priming is better explained by contextual representations emerging from multiple constraints (words, prosody, gesture) than by autonomous grammatical structures.
  • This perspective reconciles anomalous findings and highlights the importance of naturalistic linguistic contexts for future research.