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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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A Method to Define the Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Colon Microbiome Biodiversity in a Mouse Colon Tumor Model
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Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Pulmonary Embolism: An Analysis Using Mendelian Randomization.

Lilan Cen1, Ling Qin1, Wanling Chen1

  • 11Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious Disease, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.

Polish Journal of Microbiology
|June 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study used genetic analysis to find that specific gut bacteria, including Slackia and Bacteroides, may reduce the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). This highlights the gut-lung axis connection in PE development.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationcausalitygut microbiotagut-lung axispulmonary embolism

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • An imbalanced gut microbiome (GM) is linked to lung diseases via the gut-lung axis.
  • The direct relationship between GM and pulmonary embolism (PE) remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential causal relationship between GM and PE risk using genetic data.
  • To explore specific GM genera associated with PE development.

Main Methods:

  • Employed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for GM.
  • Applied inverse variance weighting (IVW) as the primary analytical method, with checks for pleiotropy and heterogeneity.
  • Analyzed data from the IEU Open GWAS project, including 2,118 PE cases and 359,076 controls.

Main Results:

  • Identified causal associations between four GM genera and PE risk.
  • Found that Slackia, Oscillospira, Bacteroides, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 may be associated with a reduced risk of PE.
  • Confirmed the robustness of findings with no evidence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic analysis supports a significant role for specific gut microbiome compositions in PE development.
  • Reinforces the importance of the gut-lung axis in respiratory health and disease.
  • Suggests potential targets for future research and therapeutic strategies related to GM and PE.