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Understanding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms and advancements in AMR diagnostics

Sakshi Sinha1, Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay1

  • 1National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Department of Biotechnology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
|June 22, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health crisis driven by antibiotic overuse. Advanced diagnostics like biosensors and CRISPR are emerging to rapidly detect resistance, aiding treatment and combating this threat.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, driven by the overuse and abuse of antibiotics.
  • Mechanisms of AMR include enzymatic degradation, target modification, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation, leading to treatment challenges and increased mortality.
  • The rapid spread of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer necessitates urgent solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms underlying antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
  • To highlight recent advancements in AMR diagnostic technologies.
  • To emphasize the role of diagnostics in combating the global AMR threat.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on AMR mechanisms and diagnostic technologies.
  • Analysis of emerging diagnostic tools such as biosensors, CRISPR, mass spectrometry, automated systems, and flow cytometry.
  • Discussion of the impact of these technologies on antimicrobial stewardship.

Main Results:

  • Identified key AMR mechanisms including enzymatic breakdown, target modification, efflux pump overexpression, and biofilm formation.
  • Detailed advancements in AMR diagnostics: biosensors for point-of-care testing, CRISPR for gene identification, mass spectrometry for profiling, automated systems for throughput, and flow cytometry for single-cell analysis.
  • Demonstrated how these diagnostics accelerate detection and support targeted antimicrobial stewardship.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced AMR diagnostics are crucial for effectively combating the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance.
  • Innovations in diagnostics enable faster, more accurate detection of resistance, leading to improved treatment strategies.
  • Targeted antimicrobial stewardship, supported by advanced diagnostics, is essential for mitigating the impact of AMR.
Keywords:
Antimicrobial-resistanceCRISPR/CasFlow cytometryMass spectrometrySensors

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