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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Environmental mineral density and thyroid malignancy: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

John Bukasa-Kakamba1,2, Ayrton I Bangolo3, Shruti Wadhwani4

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 999069, Congo.

World Journal of Experimental Medicine
|June 23, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid nodules in mineral-rich Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) regions showed higher malignancy rates, particularly in Katanga province. Early risk assessment is crucial for improving survival in these high-risk areas.

Keywords:
CancerHeavy metalsMineralsNodulesThyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Trace minerals are linked to thyroid cancer.
  • The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is mineral-rich, yet data on thyroid nodules in these areas is limited.
  • Understanding regional mineral density's impact on thyroid nodule characteristics is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze thyroid nodule characteristics based on regional mineral density variations in the DRC.
  • To identify factors associated with thyroid nodule malignancy in mineral-rich provinces.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study of 529 patients with thyroid nodules in Katanga, South Kivu, and Kinshasa (2005-2019).
  • Katanga and South Kivu provinces were selected for their high mineral density.
  • Analysis of nodule characteristics including echogenicity, echostructure, and lymphadenopathy.

Main Results:

  • 22.3% of thyroid nodules were malignant.
  • Malignancy was associated with older age, Katanga province, solid echostructure, hypoechogenicity, macronodular appearance, calcifications, and lymphadenopathy.
  • Female predominance (5.4:1 ratio) and a high rate of family history (66.5%) were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid nodules from the mineral-rich Katanga province showed a higher likelihood of malignancy.
  • Early and accurate risk-stratification is vital for optimizing survival in patients from high-risk regions.
  • Further research into the specific mineral-cancer link is warranted.