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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
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LSPR-Driven Dual-Mode Urea Sensor for Milk Adulteration Detection Using Gold Nanobipyramids and Upconversion

Eslam Hafez1, Ahmed Y Elbalaawy1, Samy M Shaban1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.

ACS Sensors
|June 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new dual-mode sensor detects milk adulteration using urea detection. This sensitive method offers rapid, on-site food safety analysis for public health protection.

Keywords:
AuNBPsLSPRsUCNPsmilk adulterationratiometric FRET quenchingurea

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Food quality and safety are paramount to public health, with milk adulteration posing significant risks.
  • Urea adulteration in milk is a prevalent issue, necessitating sensitive detection methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly sensitive dual-mode (colorimetric and fluorometric) sensor for detecting urea in milk.
  • To utilize enzymatic hydrolysis and plasmonic etching for accurate urea quantification.

Main Methods:

  • Employing urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea to produce ammonia, which modulates Fenton reactions and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs).
  • Utilizing Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between AuNBPs and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for ratiometric fluorometric sensing.
  • Integrating a smartphone-based RGB analysis for accessible on-site monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a broad detection range (0-5 mM) for urea with a low limit of detection (LoD) of 0.09 μM in colorimetric mode.
  • Demonstrated high sensitivity in fluorometric mode with an LoD of 0.056 μM, featuring a dynamic "Off/On-On/Off" response.
  • Validated the sensor's potential for real-world applications through smartphone integration.

Conclusions:

  • The developed dual-mode sensor offers a sensitive and accessible platform for detecting urea adulteration in milk.
  • This technology holds promise for improving food safety and public health through rapid, on-site analysis.