Unravelling Plant-Virus Warfare: Pattern-Triggered Immunity-Mediated Antiviral Defence and Viral Evasion Strategies

Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is a fundamental defence mechanism in plants, primarily aimed at eliminating pathogens and limiting their spread. Its role in plant-virus interactions, however, has long been debated due to the unique nature of viruses, including their noncellular structure, obligate intracellular parasitism and distinct strategies for entry and movement within hosts. Recent research, though, is offering new insights into the potential involvement of PTI in combating viral infections. This review meticulously examines recent advancements in unravelling the antiviral functions of PTI during compatible plant-virus interactions. Special focus is placed on the roles of cell surface immune receptor complexes, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and hormone-mediated defence signalling. It also explores the possible mechanisms underlying plant-virus recognition, alongside the conceivable impact of ultimate immune output in reining in viral proliferation. Furthermore, the strategies viruses use to evade or suppress PTI are discussed, highlighting the dynamic interplay between plant defences and viral countermeasures.