Effect of Surfactant on Bubble Formation on Superhydrophobic Surface in Quasi-Static Regime

We experimentally studied the effect of a surfactant on bubble formation on a superhydrophobic surface (SHS). The bubble was created by injecting gas through an orifice on the SHS at a constant flow rate in the quasi-static regime. The surfactant, 1-pentanol, was mixed with water at concentration C ranging from 0 to 0.08 mol/L, corresponding to surface tension σ ranging from 72 to 43 mN/m. We found that as C increased, the bubble detachment volume (V_d) and maximum bubble base radius (R_d^max) decreased. For a low surfactant concentration, the static contact angle θ₀ remained nearly constant, and V_d and R_d^max decreased due to lower surface tensions, following the scaling laws R_d^max~σ^1/2 and V_d~σ^3/2. The bubble shapes at different concentrations were self-similar. The bubble height, bubble base radius, radius at the bubble apex, and neck radius all scaled with the capillary length. For high surfactant concentrations, however, θ₀ was greatly reduced, and V_d and R_d^max decreased due to the combined effects of reduced θ₀ and smaller σ. Lastly, we found that the surfactant had a negligible impact on the forces acting on the bubble, except for reducing their magnitudes, and had little effect on the dynamics of bubble pinch-off, except for reducing the time and length scales. Overall, our results provide a better understanding of bubble formation on complex surfaces in complex liquids.