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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
55
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

43
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
43
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

29
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
29
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

42
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
42
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

428
A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
428

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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
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The Reevaluation of Subgingival Calculus: A Narrative Review.

Stephen K Harrel1, Atsutoshi Yoshimura2, Charles M Cobb3

  • 1Department of Periodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.

Dentistry Journal
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microscopic calculus fragments left after dental cleaning may independently increase periodontitis risk. These particles can trigger inflammation, bone loss, and epithelial damage, potentially leading to treatment failure.

Keywords:
dental calculusinflammasomesinflammationpathogenesisperiodontitis

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Area of Science:

  • Periodontology
  • Oral Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Calculus is a common finding in periodontitis.
  • Its precise role as an independent risk factor remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reevaluate the role of calculus in periodontitis.
  • To assess calculus as an independent risk factor for periodontitis progression and treatment failure.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of in situ, ex vivo, and in vitro studies.
  • Analysis of studies on calculus ultrastructure, inflammatory cytokine induction, and cytotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • Residual calculus particles are found after scaling and root planing (SRP).
  • Calculus stimulates IL-1β secretion via the NLRP3 inflammasome.
  • Calculus particles promote bone resorption and epithelial cell death.

Conclusions:

  • Microscopic calculus particles persist after SRP.
  • Sterile calculus particles are cytotoxic to oral epithelial cells.
  • Residual calculus may be a risk factor for periodontal therapy failure.