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The Skin Microbiota

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Generation of Self-assembled Vascularized Human Skin Equivalents

Published on: February 12, 2021

Nanovesicles and Human Skin Interaction: A Comparative Ex-Vivo Study.

Elisabetta Esposito¹, Valentyn Dzyhovski¹, Federico Santamaria¹

¹Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 25, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored how different methods for creating nanovesicles, like liposomes and ethosomes, affect their ability to penetrate skin. Ethosomes produced using water injection showed the greatest transdermal potential, highlighting ethanol

Keywords:

ethosome hyperspectral dark microscopy liposome microfluidics skin transmission electron microscopy

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Area of Science:

Pharmacology and Drug Delivery
Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Nanovesicular systems offer potential for topical drug delivery to treat skin conditions.
Understanding nanovesicle biodistribution is key to assessing their transdermal capabilities.
Phosphatidylcholine-based nanovesicles, including liposomes and ethosomes, are investigated for skin applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of production methods on nanovesicle characteristics.
To compare the transdermal potential of liposomes and ethosomes produced via microfluidics and solvent injection.
To evaluate the role of ethanol concentration in nanovesicle formulation and skin penetration.

Main Methods:

Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) for size distribution analysis.
Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for ultrastructural and morphological evaluation.
Hyperspectral Dark-field Microscopy and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) for detailed characterization.
Human skin explants in a bioreactor model to assess transdermal passage.

Main Results:

Ethanol injection method yielded smaller nanovesicles (approx. 140 nm) compared to microfluidics (approx. 230 nm).
The solvent injection procedure influenced the uni- or multilamellar structure of the vesicles.
Ultrastructural analysis confirmed intact nanovesicles crossing skin layers, with ethosomes from water injection demonstrating superior transdermal potential.
Ethanol was identified as a significant penetration enhancer.

Conclusions:

Production method significantly impacts nanovesicle size, morphology, and skin penetration.
Ethosomes prepared via water injection exhibit enhanced transdermal delivery potential.
Ethanol plays a crucial role in enhancing the skin penetration of nanovesicular systems.