Precision Medicine in Lung Cancer Screening: A Paradigm Shift in Early Detection-Precision Screening for Lung Cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, largely due to late-stage diagnoses. While low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has improved early detection and reduced mortality in high-risk populations, traditional screening strategies often adopt a one-size-fits-all approach based primarily on age and smoking history. This can lead to limitations, such as overdiagnosis, false positives, and the underrepresentation of non-smokers, which are especially prevalent in Asian populations. Precision medicine offers a transformative solution by tailoring screening protocols to individual risk profiles through the integration of clinical, genetic, environmental, and radiological data. Emerging tools, such as risk prediction models, radiomics, artificial intelligence (AI), and liquid biopsies, enhance the accuracy of screening, allowing for the identification of high-risk individuals who may not meet conventional criteria. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and molecular biomarkers further refine stratification, enabling more personalized and effective screening intervals. Incorporating these innovations into clinical workflows, alongside shared decision-making (SDM) and robust data infrastructure, represents a paradigm shift in lung cancer prevention. However, implementation must also address challenges related to health equity, algorithmic bias, and system integration. As precision medicine continues to evolve, it holds the promise of optimizing early detection, minimizing harm, and extending the benefits of lung cancer screening to broader and more diverse populations. This review explores the current landscape and future directions of precision medicine in lung cancer screening, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and population-specific strategies to realize its full potential in reducing the global burden of lung cancer.