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Measurement-Induced Dynamical Quantum Thermalization.

Marvin Lenk¹, Sayak Biswas², Anna Posazhennikova³

¹Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

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Quantum systems can reach thermal equilibrium through measurement, which creates an effective bath and entanglement. This process, observed in Bose gases, is more general than the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH).

Area of Science:

Quantum statistical physics
Quantum mechanics
Condensed matter physics

Background:

Isolated quantum systems face challenges in reaching thermal equilibrium due to unitary time evolution.
Understanding thermalization is crucial for quantum statistical physics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how measurement in a quantum system leads to thermal equilibrium.
To explore the role of Hilbert subspaces and entanglement in thermalization.
To compare this mechanism with the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH).

Main Methods:

Explicit time evolution of an interacting, trapped Bose gas with discrete single-particle levels.
Analysis of how observable measurements subdivide the system into Hilbert subspaces.

Keywords:

entanglement entropy ergodicity isolated quantum systems quantum chaos thermalization

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Tracing over non-measured quantum numbers to define an effective thermodynamic bath.

Main Results:

Measurement creates an effective bath and induces entanglement between observed and unobserved subspaces.
Entanglement entropy and measured observables exhibit a bi-exponential approach to thermal equilibrium.
This thermalization mechanism is more general than ETH, applying to both local and non-local observables.
The process is independent of the initial quantum state.

Conclusions:

Measurement-induced entanglement provides a general pathway to thermal equilibrium in isolated quantum systems.
This finding offers a broader perspective on thermalization beyond the ETH framework.
The study highlights the fundamental role of measurement in quantum thermodynamics.