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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Relationship Between Shoulder Rotation Strength and Upper Extremity Functional Assessments in Collegiate Baseball

Andy Waldhelm1,2, Jaclyn Aida2, Jackson Boyd2

  • 1School of Physical Therapy, South College, 400 Goody Lane, Knoxville, TN 37922, USA.

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Shoulder rotation strength in a throwing position shows some correlation with functional tests like the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test and Closed Kinematic Chain Upper Extremity Strength Test in baseball players. This suggests potential for injury screening and return-to-sport readiness assessments.

Keywords:
baseballoverhead sportsreturn-to-sport assessmentupper extremity injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Overhead throwing athletes in baseball and softball experience high rates of upper extremity injuries.
  • Current assessment protocols for injury risk and return-to-sport readiness are not universally established.
  • Identifying objective measures for athlete assessment is crucial for injury prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between isometric shoulder internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) strength in a throwing position and functional upper extremity tests.
  • To determine if shoulder rotation strength can predict performance on specific functional assessments in collegiate baseball players.
  • To test the hypothesis that there would be no significant correlations between isometric shoulder strength and functional tests.

Main Methods:

  • Forty collegiate baseball players participated in the study.
  • Bilateral isometric shoulder IR and ER strength were measured at 90 degrees abduction and elbow flexion.
  • Participants completed the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test (YBT-UQ), seated single-arm shot put, and Closed Kinematic Chain Upper Extremity Strength Test (CKCUEST).

Main Results:

  • Generally low correlations were found between shoulder strength and functional tests (r = 0.001 to 0.551).
  • Significant correlations were observed between CKCUEST performance and dominant/non-dominant shoulder rotation strength.
  • A significant correlation was also found between the dominant ER/IR strength ratio and YBT-UQ superolateral reach.

Conclusions:

  • Shoulder rotation isometric strength in a throwing-like position demonstrated significant correlations with specific functional tests (YBT-UQ and CKCUEST).
  • These findings suggest that shoulder rotation strength may be a valuable component for return-to-sport criteria and injury screening in overhead athletes.
  • Further research is recommended to validate the clinical utility of these strength measures for injury prevention and return-to-play decisions.