Recent advances in field effect transistor biosensors for drug screening applications

Clinical drug screening is a critical component in disease treatment and in elucidating the impact of drug monitoring on cellular-level biochemical reactions. Field effect transistor (FET) based biosensors represent a novel technology in biomedical research, playing an essential role in clinical drug screening due to their high specificity, sensitivity, label-free detection, real-time monitoring, cost-effectiveness, and integration capabilities. This review provides a detailed description of the structural mechanisms of various types of FET biosensors. Furthermore, it introduces the classification, structural mechanisms, and immobilization methods of biological probes. Additionally, the methodologies and effects of utilizing the FET biosensor platform for screening cancer drugs, anti-infective drugs, inhibitor drugs, anti-histamine drugs, psychotropic drugs, cardiovascular drugs, and other drug categories are highlighted. Finally, the challenges encountered by FET biosensors in drug screening applications are discussed, and advanced strategies for future clinical drug screening are proposed.