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Pessimistic self-preoccupation, performance deficits, and depression.

S Strack, P H Blaney, R J Ganellen

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    |October 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Cognitive performance deficits in depression are linked to low success expectancy and high self-focus. Improving these factors, like reducing self-focus, can overcome performance issues in depressed individuals.

    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Clinical Psychology
    • Psychopathology

    Background:

    • Depression is associated with cognitive performance deficits.
    • Existing models do not fully explain these deficits.
    • The interplay of expectancy and attention requires further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test a model of cognitive performance deficits in depression.
    • To examine the interactive roles of expectancy and focus of attention.
    • To identify conditions that improve cognitive performance in depressed individuals.

    Main Methods:

    • Three studies were conducted with undergraduate participants.
    • Study 1: Compared cognitive performance, self-focus, and expectancies in depressed versus nondepressed students.

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  • Studies 2 & 3: Manipulated expectancy and self-focus to assess their impact on performance.

    • Main Results:

    • Depressed students showed poorer performance, higher self-focus, and lower expectancies.
    • Performance deficits in nondepressed students emerged under conditions of low expectancy and high self-focus.
    • Depressed students' deficits were alleviated by reducing self-focus or increasing expectancy.

    Conclusions:

    • Cognitive performance deficits in depression result from an interaction between low expectancy of success and high self-focus.
    • Interventions targeting self-focus and expectancy may improve cognitive functioning in depression.
    • Findings have implications for understanding test anxiety and integrating research on depression, anxiety, and self-esteem.