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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.6K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.6K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.9K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.9K
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

8.9K
In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
8.9K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
6.1K

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Author Spotlight: Design and Evaluation of Au-Electroplated Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrodes for Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells
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Catalyst-Engineered Proton Transfer Pathways for Selective Hydrogen Peroxide Electrosynthesis in Solid-State

Jun Wang1,2, Junheng Huang1,2, Chunguang Jia3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P.R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel catalyst for efficient hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) electrosynthesis using pure water. This breakthrough clarifies protonation mechanisms in solid electrolyte cells, paving the way for improved H₂O₂ production.

Keywords:
Eley–Rideal mechanismIn‐situ Raman spectroscopyPure hydrogen peroxideTwo‐electron oxygen reduction reactionWater dissociation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Polymer-based solid electrolyte (SE) cells offer a promising route for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) synthesis.
  • The precise protonation mechanisms for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻-ORR) using pure water in SE cells remain poorly understood.
  • Both Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) and Eley-Rideal (ER) pathways are theoretically possible but lack experimental validation under SE conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the protonation mechanisms governing H₂O₂ electrosynthesis in SE cells using pure water.
  • To design and evaluate a novel catalyst that controls proton transfer pathways.
  • To establish catalyst design principles for efficient solid-state H₂O₂ production.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of a hierarchical Ni─N₂─C─O single-atom/NiO nanocluster co-decorated porous carbon nanosheet catalyst (NiSA-NiO/pCNs).
  • Electrochemical characterization in a porous SE cell to assess H₂O₂ production efficiency and Faradaic efficiency.
  • In situ Raman spectroscopy, kinetic isotope effect studies, and density functional theory (DFT) simulations to analyze reaction intermediates and pH.

Main Results:

  • The NiSA-NiO/pCNs catalyst achieved a high Faradaic efficiency of 97% and a H₂O₂ partial current density of 356 mA cm⁻².
  • Experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that NiO nanoclusters facilitate the Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism via rapid water dissociation and proton transfer.
  • Catalysts without NiO preferentially followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism involving surface-adsorbed hydrogen intermediates.

Conclusions:

  • NiO nanoclusters play a crucial role in activating the ER pathway for H₂O₂ electrosynthesis in SE cells.
  • The catalyst design effectively controls proton transfer mechanisms, distinguishing between ER and LH pathways.
  • This study provides a fundamental understanding and design strategy for optimizing solid-state H₂O₂ electrosynthesis.