Recent Advances in Microfluidic Impedance Detection: Principle, Design and Applications

Under the dual drivers of precision medicine development and health monitoring demands, the development of real-time biosensing technologies has emerged as a key breakthrough in the field of life science analytics. Microfluidic impedance detection technology, achieved through the integration of microscale fluid manipulation and bioimpedance spectrum analysis, has enabled the real-time monitoring of biological samples ranging from single cells to organ-level systems, now standing at the forefront of biological real-time detection research. This review systematically summarizes the core principles of microfluidic impedance detection technology, modeling methods for cell equivalent circuits, system optimization strategies, and recent research advancements in biological detection applications. We first elucidate the fundamental principles of microfluidic impedance detection technologies, followed by a comprehensive analysis of cellular equivalent circuit model construction and microfluidic system design optimization strategies. Subsequently, we categorize applications based on biological sample types, elaborating on respective research progress and existing challenges. This review concludes with prospective insights into future developmental trajectories. We hope this work will provide novel research perspectives for advancing microfluidic impedance detection technology while stimulating interdisciplinary collaboration among researchers in biology, medicine, chemistry, and physics to propel technological innovation collectively.