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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
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A Versatile Platform for Designing and Fabricating Multi-Material Perfusable 3D Microvasculatures.

Nathaniel Harris1,2, Charles Miller1, Min Zou1,2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

Micromachines
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a versatile fabrication platform using two-photon lithography (TPL) to create perfusable 3D microvasculatures. The technology supports multi-material printing and demonstrates successful neural stem cell viability for advanced tissue models.

Keywords:
3D microvasculatureblood-brain barriermulti-material fabricationneurovascular modelingperfusiontwo-photon lithography

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Perfusable microvasculature is essential for in vitro tissue models, especially neural applications, to overcome diffusion limitations and replicate neurovascular function.
  • Existing models struggle with limited diffusion, hindering organoid growth and accurate neurovascular replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a versatile fabrication platform for creating multi-material, perfusable 3D microvasculatures.
  • To integrate mesh-driven design, two-photon lithography (TPL), and modular interfacing for advanced tissue engineering.
  • To enable complex 3D neurovascular modeling and vascularized organ-on-chip applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two-photon lithography (TPL) with mesh-driven design and modular interfacing.
  • Developed printing methods for rigid (OrmoComp), hydrogel (PEGDA 700), and elastomeric (PDMS) materials.
  • Employed cone support structures for high-fidelity printing of soft materials and heat-shrink tubing for leak-free perfusion.

Main Results:

  • Successfully printed various 2D and 3D capillary paths with different support strategies.
  • Demonstrated physiologically relevant flow velocities and Dextran diffusion through TPL-printed scaffolds.
  • Confirmed cytocompatibility of all scaffold materials with human neural stem cells.

Conclusions:

  • The developed TPL-based platform enables the creation of multi-material microvascular systems.
  • This technology is suitable for complex 3D neurovascular modeling and blood-brain barrier studies.
  • The platform facilitates integration into vascularized organ-on-chip applications, advancing in vitro modeling capabilities.